Romanticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Romanticism - Essay Example He becomes more of a life force than a person and can see and experience almost anything. These are some of the most powerful lines: Here Whitman shows that even the smallest things around us—a grain of sand, a pismire, a cow—contain an enormous history and an enormous power. A leaf of grass can stand in for all of creation. A tree-toad is a masterpiece. A mouse is capable of inspiring the awe of an entire religion. Most significantly, he writes that â€Å"the narrowest hinge in my hand puts to scorn all machinery.† This is a celebration of all that has gone into creating the world and how deeply it can inspire us—like the best romantic poetry. Once again nature is an enormous canvas which is all interlinked and inspires great beauty. The bee is â€Å"kinsman† to the grass, and all the things of the world are â€Å"sweet litigants for life.† And on top of these sentiments, the bee is â€Å"sovereign,† not unlike the other small creatures of great inspirational power in Whitman’s poem. Two important elements of romanticism are the individual versus society and a reliance on human emotion over cold rationality. Both of these principles can be seen in effect in Rousseau’s Confessions and in Wordsworth’s poem â€Å"Tintern Abbey.† Rousseau’s long autobiography Confessions constantly points out how different and apart he is from other people. "I am not made like any of those I have seen; I venture to believe that I am not made like any of those who are in existence. If I am not better, at least I am different." This is a central theme of romanticism. The person who lives truly, understanding himself and nature, in tune with his emotions, is a person apart. The romantic is often portrayed as alone and sensitive—either ostracized by others because of his uniqueness or choosing like a hermit to be free of the conformist and corrupting world

Teacher Development Essay Example for Free

Teacher Development Essay The term â€Å"teacher development† (TD) was first coined in the 1980s. Only in the past decade has TD emerged as an identifiable area of study and ever since then much has been written on the concept of TD? teacher knowledge? teachers new role and respnosibilities. There have been many studies on the concepts of TD from many different perspectvies since 1990s. TD is a term used to describe a process of continual intellectual, experiential, and attitudinal growth of teachers. It is a ligelong growth both before and throughout a teacher’s entire career (Lange,1990;Crandall,2000;Wu Yian,2008). TD connotes continuance, it does not end when the degree is given or the certification achieved. Even superior teachers have weaknesses which should be improved. Teachers takes on different roles and responsibilities in programmes which center on TD. Teachers’ voice increasingly are being heard in literature on TD. The teacher is no longer in a subservient or subordinate role, passively awaiting guidance direction and suggestions for change and improvement. The teacher is an investigator of his or her own classroom(Richards,1989). The teacher assumes the responsibilities for inquiry into classroom practice and analysis of their experiences. The recent rise in â€Å"action research† (e. g,. Elliott, 1991; Nokffke,1989; Wu Zhongjie,1995) is the best illustration of how teachers involve them in the interpretation and representation of their teaching practice. Much research has explored the teacher knowledge and emphasized the need for constant updating of knowledge for TD. Shulman (1987) pointed out the framework of teacher knowledge: Content Knowledge(CK)? Pedagogical Knowledge(PK)? pedegogical content knowledge(PCK) and Support Knowledge(SK). Much of the work stresses the change and value of foreign language PCK: such as attitudes toward teacher control in the classroom? instructional goals for daily lessons and considerations for resopnding to student needs(Watzke, 2007). Freeman Johnson’s (1998) position that teacher knowledge should be rooted in teachers’ actual practice. They discuss the FL teachers’ concerns about how to develop their PCK through teaching practice.

Heart :: essays research papers

PRACTICAL EXERCISE 4 HEART STRUCTURE AND CIRCULATION Q.1 Describe the heart sounds you hear. Explain the origin of two sounds. Two heart sounds are normally heard through a stethoscope on the chest wall, "lab" "dap". The first sound can be described as soft, but resonant, and longer then the second one. This sound is associated with the closure of AV valves (atrioventricular valves) at the beginning of systole. The second sound is louder and sharp. It is associated with closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves (semilunar valves) at the beginning of diastole. There is a pause between the each set of sounds. It is a period of total heat relaxation called quiescent period. Q.2 Which structures are responsible for these sounds? If these structures were damaged or functionally incorrectly, what do you think would happen to the heart sound? The structures responsible for these sounds are: pulmonary, aortic and atrioventricular valves. These sounds are results of vibration caused by closure of these valves. Other sounds known as "heart murmurs" are sometimes a sign of heart disease. "Murmurs can be produced by blood flowing rapidly in the usual directions through an abnormally narrowed valve" (Vander, Sherman and Luciano, 1985, p.326) and in some cases, as mitral valve prolapse, the individual does not show any symptoms. Q.5 If a glass probe is poked into the pulmonary trunk which chamber will it enter? The glass probe poked into the pulmonary trunk will follow the cycle of blood from the pulmonary artery to the lungs and then through pulmonary veins will enter the left atrium. Q.6 From which chamber does the aorta arise? Aorta arises from the left ventricle. It is the largest artery in the body and it transports the oxygenated blood away from the heart. Q.7 (a) Where do the coronary arteries start? (b) Use this knowledge to explain how the coronary arteries only fill with blood during diastole. The heart, like other organs, receives its blood supply through the smaller vessels of arterial branches. In this case, coronary arteries, which starts from the base of ascending aorta. The blood circulates through coronary arteries and then to smaller vessels into cardiac muscle (myocardium). The blood flow is influenced by aortic pressure, which increases in systole, and the pumping activity of the ventricles. When the ventricle contracts, in systole, the coronary vessels are compressed by the contracted myocardium and partly blocked by the open aortic valve therefore the blood flow through the myocardium stops.

Microsoft :: essays research papers

Wednesday, many government sources confirmed that Justice Department lawyers have proposed splitting Microsoft Corp. as a remedy for the company's allegedly anti-competitive behavior. The proposal was discussed over the weekend at a secret meeting of officials from the U.S. government and 19 states that have sued Microsoft. The position of the Federal government and the states was presented to Federal Mediator Richard Posner last Monday, which was the filing deadline. Posner has been meeting in Chicago with state and federal prosecutors every Monday and with the company each Tuesday. Microsoft spokesman Mark Murray said "I can't speculate on what the government is thinking." He called the proposal "an extreme and radical proposal that is not justified by anything in the case and doesn't reflect the reality of the competitive industry." The company also said, "it is ironic that anyone would be talking about breaking up Microsoft at the time that America Online and Time Warner completed the largest merger in history designed to compete with Microsoft." The government's endorsement of a break-up, considered the "death penalty" among possible remedies, could encourage Microsoft to seek a lesser sanction during settlement talks. But it could also delay negotiations and encourage Microsoft to battle the case through America's courts for years. What isn’t known is exactly how the government plans on restructuring Microsoft. Much speculation has focused on the idea of dividing the software giant into three separate companies. One would build the Windows operating system, another that sells software applications and a third for Internet business. However, at least one source told the Associated Press that such a three sector Microsoft is not planned. Rather, Page 2 according to the source, the government wants to force the creation of a series of smaller, duplicate companies, nicknamed "Baby Bills," that would compete against each other. Breaking up Microsoft into smaller companies would be "stupid because it just creates confusion in the marketplace," said Michael Cusumano, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who has written about Microsoft's battle with the former Netscape Communications Corp. "The break-up sounds like a mess to me," he said. The market responded because Microsoft shares closed down 3-9/16 at 105-13/16 on Wednesday. In November, U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson agreed with federal prosecutors in a preliminary finding that Microsoft stifled innovation in the computer industry. Prosecutors have charged the company used its dominant position in operating systems to coerce PC makers to use its software, especially its Internet browser.

The Fountainhead and Anthem Essay Anthem

At the age of five he advanced to home of the student, where he got scolded for learning faster then his brothers. Equality teachers told him that he had evil in his bones because he was taller then his brothers. Then at the age of fifteen when the house of v actions came Equality was guilty of the great transgression of preference because he wanted d to be a scholar, but his selected vocation was to be a street sweeper. Every day while he sweep t by the fields he would watch and smile at Liberty and she would smile back. Liberty was a woo man that worked in the home of the peasants.Making contact with a woman was prohibited buy t for when in the palace of the mating. The palace of the mating was where people were forced to breed. Equality thought touching a woman was shameful and ugly. The! En one day while he s wept the streets he found a grate that led to underground tunnel full of things from the unmeant enable times. For two years he went to the tunnel and discovered a new glowi ng light. Then one day while in the tunnel decided that he must share his secret with his brothers. He decided that he w loud bring his secret in front of the world council meeting.When Equality entered the world council I meeting the scholars got frightened and angry. They demanded that he tell them why he was there. He connected the wires and they glowed, the scholars backed up against the wall as they stared in horror. They told him that he they were going to punish for breaking so many laws. Equality trembled in fright he quickly grabbed the light and ran to the uncharted foresee t. No man followed because they feared the unknown. Those are all the ways in which Equality reek acted the view of society. The uncharted forest represented freedom.When Equality spent his first night in the rest when he woke up he laughed and rolled through the leaves and the MO as because he realized he was free which meant no more waking up to a bell, no more meal s prepared for him, and no more swe eping streets. Then as he walked through the forest he cam e too river he stopped and looked in the water for the first time in his whole life he saw ha t he looked like. When he saw his reflection it surprised him he did not look like his brothers h e looked stronger than his brothers who looked short and fragile.The next day in the forest he had heard footsteps behind him he turned around and it was Liberty. She had heard of what he did d and followed his path into the forest. While in the forest Equality hugged Liberty and realized t hat holding the body of a woman was not shameful. They walked for many days the farther t hey went from the city the safer they felt. â€Å"Everything which comes from the many is good. Every thing that come from one is evil. † Any Rand wrote this in the end of the ninth chapter when CEQ laity begins to doubt everything he has learned in the city. The mountains represented a en w beginning.In the mountains Equality and Liberty found a house le ft from the unmentionable it sees. In the house there are many things they have never seen before like mirrors, light bulbs, a library full of books, and nice clothes. They promise to never leave the house and they claim m it as theirs. They learn the word I while reading books from the huge library. Equality also name sees Liberty and himself, while reading through a book he learns of Prometheus who was a ma n who stole fire from the gods and taught men use the power of gods. Prometheus was punish heed as are all who bring light to men. He also reads of Gage who mother of the gods and of earth h.

4 Types of Context Clues

4 Types of Context Clues Just like a detective following the clues that lead to the perpetrator of a crime, you as a reader must use the clues hidden in a text passage to determine the meaning of difficult vocabulary words. Context clues are simply that: hints or additional information the author provides (purposefully or not) that can help you understand the meaning of a particular word or phrase. These clues can be located in the same sentence as the vocabulary word, but they can also appear elsewhere in the passage.   Why Context Clues Are Important When youre working on the reading section of a standardized test, youre going to have to employ some prowess to get you through. Understanding how various types of context clues work can help you to understand difficult vocabulary words, which is a must on a long reading section. The text may be chock-full of words you dont completely grasp. Outside of the passage, you may not have any idea what they mean, but inside the passage, where all the juicy tidbits of their clues lie, you can figure those challenging words out. Context clues are also helpful when youre working to determine the main idea  of a passage and struggling to  make inferences because those words can help connect the dots in incredibly useful ways. Four Types of Context Clues A number of different types of context clues can be present in reading passages because every author writes in a different way. Some authors offer very little explanation for difficult words, throwing tough vocabulary in everywhere with little or no help, while other authors carefully craft their passages to ensure the reader can understand everything he or she is trying to explain. Everything from the restatement of a word to an outright explanation of the word in action can be present to aid in a readers comprehension. Context Clue No. 1: Definition or Restatement The meaning of the vocabulary word is in the sentence itself, usually following the vocabulary word. Jacks duplicity- crafty dishonesty- enabled him to steal his coworkers pensions by funneling their money into an offshore account. Notice how the dashes set off the definition. Commas or parentheses setting off a descriptive phrase directly after the vocabulary word (an appositive) can also point you to it, such as in clue no. 2. Context Clue No. 2: Synonym The sentence uses a similar word to help explain the meaning of the vocabulary word. The baseball coach punished the teams duplicity, or deceitfulness after they admitted to using steroids to boost their batting averages. Context Clue No. 3: Antonym/Opposite/Contrast The sentence uses a word with an opposite definition to give the meaning of the vocabulary word. It was your duplicity that caused me to break up with you! Had you been honest, I wouldnt have felt the need.Unlike my last employee, who had integrity to spare, you have nothing more than duplicity and will not receive a recommendation from me for another job. Context Clue No. 4: Example or Explanation This type of context clue uses examples to help the reader infer the meaning of the vocabulary word. His duplicity involved lowering his employees salaries, increasing their stock options, and then stealing the money he saved by doing so.I was aghast at her duplicity when she stole my diamond earrings, sold them on eBay, and lied to me about it the whole time. Try Out Your Suspected Definition After examining the context of the passage for clues to the unclear word, you should have an idea of what the vocabulary word means. Based on your estimate, try out a word in the sentence in its place to see if it makes sense.

Selected Quotations of Margaret Mead

Selected Quotations of Margaret Mead Margaret Mead was an anthropologist known for her work on the relationship of culture and personality. Meads early work stressed the cultural basis of gender roles while later she wrote about the biological influence on male and female behaviors, too. She became a prominent lecturer and writer on family and child-rearing issues. Margaret Meads research- especially her work in Samoa- has come under more recent criticism for inaccuracies and naivete, but she remains a pioneer in the field of anthropology. These quotes demonstrate her work in this field and offer some observations and motivation. Selected Margaret Mead Quotations Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. I must admit that I personally measure success in terms of the contributions an individual makes to her or his fellow human beings. I was brought up to believe that the only thing worth doing was to add to the sum of accurate information in the world. If one cannot state a matter clearly enough so that even an intelligent twelve-year-old can understand it, one should remain within the cloistered walls of the university and laboratory until one gets a better grasp of ones subject matter. It may be necessary temporarily to accept a lesser evil, but one must never label a necessary evil as good. Life in the twentieth century is like a parachute jump: you have to get it right the first time. What people say, what people do, and what they say they do are entirely different things. Even though the ship may go down, the journey goes on. I learned the value of hard work by working hard. Sooner or later Im going to die, but Im not going to retire. The way to do fieldwork is never to come up for air until it is all over. The ability to learn is older- as it is also more widespread- than is the ability to teach. We are now at a point where we must educate our children in what no one knew yesterday, and prepare our schools for what no one knows yet. I have spent most of my life studying the lives of other peoples- faraway peoples- so that Americans might better understand themselves. A city must be a place where groups of women and men are seeking and developing the highest things they know. Our humanity rests upon a series of learned behaviors, woven together into patterns that are infinitely fragile and never directly inherited. Mans most human characteristic is not his ability to learn, which he shares with many other species, but his ability to teach and store what others have developed and taught him. The negative cautions of science are never popular. If the experimentalist would not commit himself, the social philosopher, the preacher, and the pedagogue tried the harder to give a short-cut answer.   In 1976:  We women are doing pretty well. Were almost back to where we were in the twenties. I had no reason to doubt that brains were suitable for a woman. And as I had my fathers kind of mind- which was also his mothers- I learned that the mind is not sex-typed. Differences in sex as they are known today ... are based on the bringing up of the mother. She is always pushing the female towards similarity and the male towards differences. There is no evidence that suggests women are naturally better at caring for children ... with the fact of child-bearing out of the center of attention, there is even more reason for treating girls first as human beings, then as women. It has been a womans task throughout history to go on believing in life when there was almost no hope. Because of their age-long training in human relations- for that is what feminine intuition really is- women have a special contribution to make to any group enterprise. Every time we liberate a woman, we liberate a man. The male form of a female liberationist is a male liberationist- a man who realizes the unfairness of having to work all his life to support a wife and children so that someday his widow may live in comfort, a man who points out that commuting to a job he doesnt like is just as oppressive as his wifes imprisonment in a suburb, a man who rejects his exclusion, by society and most women, from participation in childbirth and the most engrossing, delightful care of young children- a man, in fact, who wants to relate himself to people and the world around him as a person. Women want mediocre men, and men are working to become as mediocre as possible. Mothers are a biological necessity; fathers are a social invention. Fathers are biological necessities, but social accidents. Mans role is uncertain, undefined, and perhaps unnecessary. I think extreme heterosexuality is a perversion. No matter how many communes anybody invents, the family always creeps back. One of the oldest human needs is having someone to wonder where you are when you dont come home at night. Nobody has ever before asked the nuclear family to live all by itself in a box the way we do. With no relatives, no support, weve put it in an impossible situation. We have got to face the fact that marriage is a terminable institution. Of all the peoples whom I have studied, from city dwellers to cliff dwellers, I always find that at least 50 percent would prefer to have at least one jungle between themselves and their mothers-in-law. Any woman can find a husband unless she is deaf, dumb or blind ... [S]he cannot always marry the ideal man of her choice. And when our baby stirs and struggles to be born it compels humility: what we began is now its own. The pains of childbirth were altogether different from the enveloping effects of other kinds of pain. These were pains one could follow with one’s mind. You just have to learn not to care about the dust mites under the beds. Instead of needing lots of children, we need high-quality children. The solution to adult problems tomorrow depends on large measure upon how our children grow up today. Thanks to television, for the first time the young are seeing history made before it is censored by their elders. As long as any adult thinks that he, like the parents and teachers of old, can become introspective, invoking his own youth to understand the youth before him, he is lost. If you associate enough with older people who do enjoy their lives, who are not stored away in any golden ghettos, you will gain a sense of continuity and of the possibility for a full life. Old age is like flying through a storm. Once youre aboard, theres nothing you can do. All of us who grew up before the war are immigrants in time, immigrants from an earlier world, living in an age essentially different from anything we knew before. The young are at home here. Their eyes have always seen satellites in the sky. They have never known a world in which war did not mean annihilation. If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse human gift will find a fitting place. Always remember that you are absolutely unique. Just like everyone else. We will be a better country when each religious group can trust its members to obey the dictates of their own religious faith without assistance from the legal structure of their country. The liberals have not softened their view of actuality to make themselves live closer to the dream, but instead sharpen their perceptions and fight to make the dream actuality or give up the battle in despair. The contempt for law and the contempt for the human consequences of lawbreaking go from the bottom to the top of American society. We are living beyond our means. As a people we have developed a life-style that is draining the earth of its priceless and irreplaceable resources without regard for the future of our children and people all around the world. We wont have a society if we destroy the environment. Having two bathrooms ruined the capacity to co-operate. Prayer does not use up artificial energy, doesnt burn up any fossil fuel, doesnt pollute. Neither does song, neither does love, neither does the dance. As the traveler who has once been from home is wiser than he who has never left his own doorstep, so a knowledge of one other culture should sharpen our ability to scrutinize more steadily, to appreciate more lovingly, our own. The study of human culture is a context within which every aspect of human life legitimately falls and necessitates no rift between work and play, professional and amateur activities. I have always done a womans job.   Her motto:  Be lazy, go crazy. Quotes About Margaret Mead To cherish the life of the world.  Source: Epitaph on her gravestone Courtesy, modesty, good manners, conformity to definite ethical standards are universal, but what constitutes courtesy, modesty, good manners, and definite ethical standards is not universal. It is instructive to know that standards differ in the most unexpected ways.  Source: Franz Boaz, Meads academic advisor, wrote this of her book Coming of Age in Samoa

Free Essays on Court Packing

On February 5, 1937, with little to no warning, President Franklin D. Roosevelt surprised the nation by announcing a program that would later be known as his â€Å"court-packing scheme.† He proposed judicial reforms, drafting a bill that proposed a reorganization of the Supreme Court, which drew widespread complaints of packing the bench. His plan was not entirely new, as he stated in his â€Å"Fireside Chat on Reorganization of the Judiciary,† on March 9, 1937. He stated that, â€Å"Normally, every president appoints a large number of District and Circuit Court Judges and a few members of the Supreme Court. Until my first term, practically every President of the United States has appointed at least one member of the Supreme Court.† He explained that President Taft had appointed five members, President Wilson had appointed three, and President Harding had appointed four, including a Chief Justice. President Coolidge had appointed one justice, and President Hoover had appointed three, including a Chief Justice. His plan for reorganization was merely a revival of a plan suggested by Justice McReynolds, himself, when he was Attorney General of the United States. In his â€Å"Fireside Chat,† it appears that Roosevelt appealed to the American people for their aid in passage of this bill. He stated, â€Å" It is the American people themselves who are in the driver’s seat. It is the American people themselves who want the furrow plowed. It is the American people themselves who expect the third horse to pull in unison with the other two.† The third horse that he referred to was the Courts. He described the American form of Government as a three-horse team provided by the Constitution to the American people â€Å"so that their field might be plowed.† He believed that the other two â€Å"horses,† the Congress and the Executive Branch, were â€Å" pulling in unison today; the third horse is not,† meaning that the Courts were severely behin... Free Essays on Court Packing Free Essays on Court Packing On February 5, 1937, with little to no warning, President Franklin D. Roosevelt surprised the nation by announcing a program that would later be known as his â€Å"court-packing scheme.† He proposed judicial reforms, drafting a bill that proposed a reorganization of the Supreme Court, which drew widespread complaints of packing the bench. His plan was not entirely new, as he stated in his â€Å"Fireside Chat on Reorganization of the Judiciary,† on March 9, 1937. He stated that, â€Å"Normally, every president appoints a large number of District and Circuit Court Judges and a few members of the Supreme Court. Until my first term, practically every President of the United States has appointed at least one member of the Supreme Court.† He explained that President Taft had appointed five members, President Wilson had appointed three, and President Harding had appointed four, including a Chief Justice. President Coolidge had appointed one justice, and President Hoover had appointed three, including a Chief Justice. His plan for reorganization was merely a revival of a plan suggested by Justice McReynolds, himself, when he was Attorney General of the United States. In his â€Å"Fireside Chat,† it appears that Roosevelt appealed to the American people for their aid in passage of this bill. He stated, â€Å" It is the American people themselves who are in the driver’s seat. It is the American people themselves who want the furrow plowed. It is the American people themselves who expect the third horse to pull in unison with the other two.† The third horse that he referred to was the Courts. He described the American form of Government as a three-horse team provided by the Constitution to the American people â€Å"so that their field might be plowed.† He believed that the other two â€Å"horses,† the Congress and the Executive Branch, were â€Å" pulling in unison today; the third horse is not,† meaning that the Courts were severely behin...

Mystery Shopping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mystery Shopping - Essay Example However to evaluate the service from a customer point of view is the critical factor that most organizations are faced with. There are different types of research methods and techniques to evaluate customer service and mystery shopping and it can be regarded as the significant tool used by modern businesses to measure the quality of the service or to collect particular information about product or service. It is a highly detailed shopping program and it will help managers to make sure that the particular brand experience is protected or not. Therefore managers have identified that effective service delivery will direct particular organization on profitable growth and lead to sustainable gains in the market. Moment of truth is a main element in a customer delivery process and managers will concentrate in depth of different moment of truth that get only one chance to make a good first impression about a particular product or a service. There are important features in service delivery process - the roles of product; place; process and physical atmosphere, and then there each element of the service delivery process is recognized as a significant factor in customer service experience. Further it evaluates whether the brand promise is delivered along with meeting customer expectations. Thus mystery shopping considered as a main management tool to measure the customer perspective and performance of the current products and service which is mainly affecting to customer loyalty and the satisfaction (Schmidt, 2007).When the marketing mix - price, product, place, promotion and by extension people, process and physical evidence - is considered against the current level of market concentration rati os there are a lot of opportunities in the market. For instance the existing brand loyalties might curtail the degree of freedom enjoyed by each seller. In such situations mystery marketing efforts don't help much. This development has a very significant impact on the organization's marketing goals too. 1.1. Purpose of the study or research aims To establish correlations and regressions, if any, among and between the above mentioned variables such as the mystery shopping programs and customer satisfaction as determined by organizational environment: cleanliness, speed of service, store appearance, grooming, friendly environment and greeting and so on . To identify and emphasize the existence, if any, of such mystery shopping programs related initiatives and policies and customer satisfaction, thus focusing attention on an otherwise often neglected aspect of customer satisfaction related compulsions. To delineate the existing correlations between mystery shopping programs and customer satisfaction against the backdrop of an ever growing complexity and diversity in theoretical and conceptual spheres of the modern business environment. To arrive at particular as against broader conclusions on the strategic importance of mystery shopping programs in the organization's own operational environment within the defined limits. 1.1. Hypothesis or thesis statementThe hypothesis or thesis statement of this paper rests on the testing of the primacy and the immediacy of a broader cross section of theoretical and

The methodology of scientific research programmes Coursework

The methodology of scientific research programmes - Coursework Example The main weakness of Popper’s account of scientific method is that it is not historically accurate. This is because a look at the history of science shows that science grows through the development or the improvement of the existing scientific theories, rather than through the refutations of the existing scientific theories. According to Thomas Kuhn, on the other hand, science does not grow through linear accumulation of knowledge. For Kuhn, science grows through major revolutions; according to Kuhn, a revolution occurs in science when an old paradigm is replaced by a new paradigm. Kuhn held that revolutions in science are precipitated by anomalies in the existing paradigms; for Kuhn, therefore, revolutions or paradigm shifts in science occurs to correct or to overcome the anomalies in the existing paradigm. The main weakness of Kuhn’s account of scientific method is that, just like Popper’s account of scientific method, Kuhn’s account of scientific method is also not historically accurate. This is because a look at the history of science shows that science grows in other ways, other than through revolutions; for this reason, therefore, Kuhn offered only one mode of growth of science. In his account of scientific method, Lakatos taught that the appropriate unit of appraisal of scienfific method is not an individual theory, as Popper and taught, but a sequence of related theories, i.e. a scientific research programme. The Lakatos’ research programme has a hardcore, the protective belt, negative heuristic, and the positive heuristic. For Lakatos, the hardcore is the theoretical hypothesis that forms the basis upon which the research programme is developed; Lakatos’ hardcore is comparable to Kuhn’s paradigm. Protective belt, on the other hand, refers to the auxiliary hypotheses which are adjusted so as to save the research programme from refutation. Negative heuristic for Lakatos stipulates the

Mangerial skills and communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mangerial skills and communication - Essay Example Furthermore, our society depends on the goods and services provided by the organizations these individuals manage. Each of us is influences by the actions of managers every day in different capacities, because we encounter organizations every day. Our experiences may be as students in a college, patients in a hospital, customers of a business, or citizens of a state. Managers play a vital and crucial role in almost every type of organization. All the organizations are guided and directed by the decisions of one or more individuals who are designated managers. In other words, managers can be considered as the backbones of every organization. In this regard, it is the responsibility of managers to manage their work, their employees and workers, in order to ensure successful proceedings in the organization. In specific, a number of factors are responsible for the effectiveness of a manger. Particularly, interpersonal skills play a vital and crucial role in the efficiency and efficacy of the managers. In this paper, we will try to focus on couple of interpersonal skills that can facilitate the worki ng of managers in an efficient manner, especially the communication competence and intercultural communication. (Williams, pp. 31-32, 2001) It is very important that the term interpersonal skill should be understood and discussed in the paper, which will perform as the basis of our study. In this regard, during social communications and interactions, communicative algorithms play an important role that have been referred as interpersonal skills, which facilitate and impact significantly on results. Within business organizations, social communication and interactions is the major tool that is utilized by managers to operate and manage the employees in business organizations. In other words, interpersonal skills can be referred as an art that is used at the time of interacting with one another. It has been

Hebrew Scriptures Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hebrew Scriptures Research Paper - Essay Example Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Holy Scriptures of these religions emphatically affirm Satan as the transgressor and Gods nemesis, which refused to comply with the commands of the Creator—Almighty God the Omnipotent. Satan, according to these sources, is one among the jinn; a creature has been made by the Lord out of flame of the fire. He became the enemy of Adam and Eve at the time of their birth and caused their expulsion from the Eden Garden because of his jealousy with the new creature. Satan had challenged God that he would try his utmost to seduce the children of Adam and Eve to prove their superiority as a wrong thing. Hence, God Almighty sent His angels to His apostles including Adam, Enoch, Noah, Eber, Shelah and others to preach the humanity the noble message of God, so that they could manage to regain their permanent dwellings in the Eden Garden lost due to non-compliance of their first parents in respect of tasting the fruit of the forbidden tree because of th e satanic seduction and temptations. Satan maintained grudge and enmity for the whole mankind and intended to entice Adam, Eve and their children forever and ever till the Day of Resurrection out of sheer malice for the human beings. According to the Torah, Satan does not challenge Almighty’s powers; rather, he challenges God to examine the sincerity and compliance of Adam, Eve and their generations. â€Å"However†, Scheib argues, â€Å"Satan remains inferior to God and is incapable of taking action on mortals without God’s permission. In the Talmud and Midrash, Satan appears as the force in the world, responsible for all sins.†(2004) Almighty God has divided the humanity into two categories: one who those are transgressors and breakers of the covenant of God, and imitate the path of Satan; and the other ones are those who sincerely comply with all the terms of the sacred covenant. The individuals, tribes, clans and

Trace character vs. fate theme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trace character vs. fate theme - Essay Example Nevertheless ancient civilizations of Europe: Greece and Rome had presented new outlooks, new philosophies and ethics which were based on humanism and materialism. Ancient Greek philosophers and dramaturges had presented a new, liberal and unique idea of human's place in the universe. It was a human-centered philosophy, based on ration, sensualism and freedom of thought. Plato's Allegory of the Cave has become classical example which presents the world we live in: "Behold! Human beings living in an underground cave, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the cave; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets." (Plato, 2000, p.297) Allegory of the Cave is a symbolic name as it implies that human's world is not a world of darkness, where there is no way out, where everything is preplanned and where everyone has his own fate. The word "cave" means that there exists a way out, and this way is will power, confidence and knowledge based on rationalism of enquiring mind. There exists a sun at the end of cave, and sun of knowledge and reason shines for everyone and creates harmony, confidence and promotes social progress. The freedom-loving and democratic spirit of Plato's works and of Allegory of the Cave in particular case witnesses about original and new philosophy of human-centered universe, where the fate meant nothing but a cave or prison, as it was only a "prison" of human's will and mind. Plato stated that: "the man who truly worships the stars does not need to enquire what fate they weave for him, he is lifted above the reach of fate in his communion. By becoming one with the stars, he becomes one with his own fate." (Plato, 2000,p.194) Plato continues his discourses about human will, human nature, feelings and reason in his another work The Symposium which is written in the form of dialogue (like "the allegory") of several prominent citizens of Athens: dramaturges and philosophers. The theme of conversation is love, a very contradictory theme and very subjective. Nevertheless The Symposium remains to be a classical reference for study of this theme. As every participant in the dialogue presents his own point of view, presents his arguments, myths and discourses about love, we see the diverse ethic atmosphere in Ancient Greece, such triumph of human reason and ethical thought. Through logical and exhaustive discourses about love in the dialogue of famous Greeks we observe the power of subjective thinking and power of speech through arguments. It's a dialogue of people who are confident in their ethical principles and are confident that they are able to change something in the surrounding word. Their speeches do not contain elements of mysticism in the volume we can find in works of earlier authors such as Homer for example, their

Hebrew Scriptures Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hebrew Scriptures Research Paper - Essay Example Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Holy Scriptures of these religions emphatically affirm Satan as the transgressor and Gods nemesis, which refused to comply with the commands of the Creator—Almighty God the Omnipotent. Satan, according to these sources, is one among the jinn; a creature has been made by the Lord out of flame of the fire. He became the enemy of Adam and Eve at the time of their birth and caused their expulsion from the Eden Garden because of his jealousy with the new creature. Satan had challenged God that he would try his utmost to seduce the children of Adam and Eve to prove their superiority as a wrong thing. Hence, God Almighty sent His angels to His apostles including Adam, Enoch, Noah, Eber, Shelah and others to preach the humanity the noble message of God, so that they could manage to regain their permanent dwellings in the Eden Garden lost due to non-compliance of their first parents in respect of tasting the fruit of the forbidden tree because of th e satanic seduction and temptations. Satan maintained grudge and enmity for the whole mankind and intended to entice Adam, Eve and their children forever and ever till the Day of Resurrection out of sheer malice for the human beings. According to the Torah, Satan does not challenge Almighty’s powers; rather, he challenges God to examine the sincerity and compliance of Adam, Eve and their generations. â€Å"However†, Scheib argues, â€Å"Satan remains inferior to God and is incapable of taking action on mortals without God’s permission. In the Talmud and Midrash, Satan appears as the force in the world, responsible for all sins.†(2004) Almighty God has divided the humanity into two categories: one who those are transgressors and breakers of the covenant of God, and imitate the path of Satan; and the other ones are those who sincerely comply with all the terms of the sacred covenant. The individuals, tribes, clans and

Ryanair airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ryanair airlines - Essay Example The company provides its service to 28 countries in Europe. External environment can be comprehensively be captured by conducting a PEST analysis. It is a strategic process of analyzing the political, economic, social and environmental forces affecting the operating environment of the organization (Johnson, et al., 2011). Political: The deregulation of the Aviation industry in Europe had helped in the growth of the airline companies since 1997. This had particularly helped Ryanair to develop a network of travel route over entire Europe directly fuelling their growth (Malighetti, Paleari and Redondi, 2009). The government is also creating opportunities for aviation companies to expand operations in the U.S. Economic: The economic environment of Ryanair has been highly profitable as has been observed from the consolidated financial statement of the company. Additionally, the recession of 2008 had increased the preference of the consumers towards availing low cost flights as their disposable income has gone down (Malighetti, Paleari and Redondi, 2009). Another pressing issue for the company is the rising cost of oil in the recent years. Social: The high rates of unemployment in the country have increased the importance of low cost airlines. This has been accompanied by the growth of the need to travel throughout the country for the need of finding a job. Technology: Technological advancements are extremely important for the aviation industry as it is directly related to the reduction of costs. Constructing fuel efficient aircrafts and introduction of technology to allow customers to self-service themselves can contribute to the reduction of operating costs. Factors like the creditworthiness of the company, its reputation and image can be considered as internal factors affecting strategic decision making. Building a good brand image in front of the

Environmental Effects of Pesticides Essay Example for Free

Environmental Effects of Pesticides Essay Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including nontarget species, air, water, bottom sediments, and food.[1] Pesticide contaminates land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially, and when it is sprayed into water to kill algae.[2] The amount of pesticide that migrates from the intended application area is influenced by the particular chemicals properties: its propensity for binding to soil, its vapor pressure, its water solubility, and its resistance to being broken down over time. [3] Factors in the soil, such as its texture, its ability to retain water, and the amount of organic matter contained in it, also affect the amount of pesticide that will leave the area.[3] Some pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer.[4] [edit] Air Pesticides can contribute to air pollution . Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them.[5] Pesticides that are applied to crops can volatilize and may be blown by winds into nearby areas, potentially posing a threat to wildlife.[6] Also, droplets of sprayed pesticides or particles from pesticides applied as dusts may travel on the wind to other areas,[7] or pesticides may adhere to particles that blow in the wind, such as dust particles.[8] Ground spraying produces less pesticide drift than aerial spraying does.[9] Farmers can employ a buffer zone around their crop, consisting of empty land or non-crop plants such as evergreen trees to serve as windbreaks and absorb the pesticides, preventing drift into other areas.[10] Such windbreaks are legally required in the Netherlands.[10] Pesticides that are sprayed on to fields and used to fumigate soil can give off chemicals called volatile organic compounds, which can react with other chemicals and form a pollutant called tropospheric ozone. Pesticide use accounts for about 6 percent of total tropospheric ozone levels.[11] [edit] Water In the United States, pesticides were found to pollute every stream and over 90% of wells sampled in a study by the US Geological Survey.[12] Pesticide residues have also been found in rain and groundwater.[3] Studies by the UK government showed that pesticide concentrations exceeded those allowable for drinking water in some samples of river water and groundwater.[13] Pesticide impacts on aquatic systems are often studied using a hydrology transport model to study movement and fate of chemicals in rivers and streams. As early as the 1970s quantitative analysis of pesticide runoff was conducted in order to predict amounts of pesticide that would reach surface waters.[14] There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: it may drift outside of the intended area when it is sprayed, it may percolate, or leach, through the soil, it may be carried to the water as runoff, or it may be spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect.[15] They may also be carried to water by eroding soil.[16] Factors that affect a pesticides ability to contaminate water include its water solubility, the distance from an application site to a body of water, weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop, and the method used to apply the chemical.[17] Maximum limits of allowable concentrations for individual pesticides in public bodies of water are set by the Environmental Protection Agency in the US.[3][17] Similarly, the government of the United Kingdom sets Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), or maximum allowable concentrations of some pesticides in bodies of water above which toxicity may occur.[18] The European Union also regulates maximum concentrations of pesticides in water.[18] [edit] Soil Many of the chemicals used in pesticides are persistent soil contaminants, whose impact may endure for decades and adversely affect soil conservation.[19] The use of pesticides decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. Not using the chemicals results in higher soil quality,[verification needed][20] with the additional effect that more organic matter in the soil allows for higher water retention.[3] This helps increase yields for farms in drought years, when organic farms have had yields 20-40% higher than their conventional counterparts.[21] A smaller content of organic matter in the soil increases the amount of pesticide that will leave the area of application, because organic matter binds to and helps break down pesticides.[3] [edit] Effects on biota [edit] Plants Nitrogen fixation, which is required for the growth of higher plants, is hindered by pesticides in soil.[22] The insecticides DDT, methyl parathion, and especially pentachlorophenol have been shown to interfere with legume-rhizobium chemical signaling.[22] Reduction of this symbiotic chemical signaling results in reduced nitrogen fixation and thus reduced crop yields.[22] Root nodule formation in these plants saves the world economy $10 billion in synthetic nitrogen fertilizer every year.[23] Pesticides can kill bees and are strongly implicated in pollinator decline, the loss of species that pollinate plants, including through the mechanism of Colony Collapse Disorder,[24][25][26][27] in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear. Application of pesticides to crops that are in bloom can kill honeybees,[5] which act as pollinators. The USDA and USFWS estimate that US farmers lose at least $200 million a year from reduced crop pollination because pesticides applied to fields eliminate about a fifth of honeybee colonies in the US and harm an additional 15%.[1] On the other side, pesticides have some direct harmful effect on plant including poor root hair development, shoot yellowing and reduced plant growth [28]. [edit] Animals Pesticides inflict extremely widespread damage to biota, and many countries have acted to discourage pesticide usage through their Biodiversity Action Plans.[citation needed] Animals may be poisoned by pesticide residues that remain on food after spraying, for example when wild animals enter sprayed fields or nearby areas shortly after spraying.[9] Widespread application of pesticides can eliminate food sources that certain types of animals need, causing the animals to relocate, change their diet, or starve.[5] Poisoning from pesticides can travel up the food chain; for example, birds can be harmed when they eat insects and worms that have consumed pesticides.[5] Some pesticides can bioaccumulate, or build up to toxic levels in the bodies of organisms that consume them over time, a phenomenon that impacts species high on the food chain especially hard.[5] [edit] Birds Bald eagles are common examples of nontarget organisms that are impacted by pesticide use. Rachel Carsons landmark book Silent Spring dealt with the loss of bird species due to bioaccumulation of pesticides in their tissues. There is evidence that birds are continuing to be harmed by pesticide use. In the farmland of Britain, populations of ten different species of birds have declined by 10 million breeding individuals between 1979 and 1999, a phenomenon thought to have resulted from loss of plant and invertebrate species on which the birds feed.[29] Throughout Europe, 116 species of birds are now threatened.[29] Reductions in bird populations have been found to be associated with times and areas in which pesticides are used.[29] In another example, some types of fungicides used in peanut farming are only slightly toxic to birds and mammals, but may kill off earthworms, which can in turn reduce populations of the birds and mammals that feed on them.[9] Some pesticides come in granular form, and birds and other wildlife may eat the granules, mistaking them for grains of food.[9] A few granules of a pesticide is enough to kill a small bird.[9] The herbicide paraquat, when sprayed onto bird eggs, causes growth abnormalities in embryos and reduces the number of chicks that hatch successfully, but most herbicides do not directly cause much harm to birds.[9] Herbicides may endanger bird populations by reducing their habitat.[9] [edit] Aquatic life Fish and other aquatic biota may be harmed by pesticide-contaminated water.[30] Pesticide surface runoff into rivers and streams can be highly lethal to aquatic life, sometimes killing all the fish in a particular stream.[31] Application of herbicides to bodies of water can cause fish kills when the dead plants rot and use up the waters oxygen, suffocating the fish.[30] Some herbicides, such as copper sulfite, that are applied to water to kill plants are toxic to fish and other water animals at concentrations similar to those used to kill the plants.[30] Repeated exposure to sublethal doses of some pesticides can cause physiological and behavioral changes in fish that reduce populations, such as abandonment of nests and broods, decreased immunity to disease, and increased failure to avoid predators.[30] Application of herbicides to bodies of water can kill off plants on which fish depend for their habitat.[30] Pesticides can accumulate in bodies of water to levels that kill off zooplankton, the main source of food for young fish.[32] Pesticides can kill off the insects on which some fish feed, causing the fish to travel farther in search of food and exposing them to greater risk from predators.[30] The faster a given pesticide breaks down in the environment, the less threat it poses to aquatic life.[30] Insecticides are more toxic to aquatic life than herbicides and fungicides.[30] [edit] Amphibians See also: Decline in amphibian population In the past several decades, decline in amphibian populations has been occurring all over the world, for unexplained reasons which are thought to be varied but of which pesticides may be a part.[33] Mixtures of multiple pesticides appear to have a cumulative toxic effect on frogs.[34] Tadpoles from ponds with multiple pesticides present in the water take longer to metamorphose into frogs and are smaller when they do, decreasing their ability to catch prey and avoid predators.[34] A Canadian study showed that exposing tadpoles to endosulfan, an organochloride pesticide at levels that are likely to be found in habitats near fields sprayed with the chemical kills the tadpoles and causes behavioral and growth abnormalities.[35] The herbicide atrazine has been shown to turn male frogs into hermaphrodites, decreasing their ability to reproduce.[34] [edit] Humans See also: Pesticide residue Pesticides can enter the human body through inhalation of aerosols, dust and vapor that contain pesticides; through oral exposure by consuming food and water; and through dermal exposure by direct contact of pesticides with skin.[36] Pesticides are sprayed onto food, especially fruits and vegetables, they secrete into soils and groundwater which can end up in drinking water, and pesticide spray can drift and pollute the air. The effects of pesticides on human health are more harmful based on the toxicity of the chemical and the length and magnitude of exposure.[37] Farm workers and their families experience the greatest exposure to agricultural pesticides through direct contact with the chemicals. But every human contains a percentage of pesticides found in fat samples in their body. Children are most susceptible and sensitive to pesticides due to their small size and underdevelopment.[36] The chemicals can bioaccumulate in the body over time. Exposure to pesticides can range from mild skin irritation to birth defects, tumors, genetic changes, blood and nerve disorders, endocrine disruption, and even coma or death.[38] Some pesticides, including aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphene, are considered POPs.[39] POPs have the ability to volatilize and travel great distances through the atmosphere to become deposited in remote regions.[39] The chemicals also have the ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify, and can bioconcentrate (i.e. become more concentrated) up to 70,000 times their original concentrations.[39] POPs may continue to poison non-target organisms in the environment and increase risk to humans[40] by disruption in the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems; cancer; neurobehavioral disorders,[39] infertility and mutagenic effects, although very little is currently known about these chronic effects. Some POPs have been banned, while others continue to be used. [edit] Pest resistance

Sport films

Sport films In America, hundreds of sport films have been produced. Usually, sports werent that much successful. Films were usually intended for younger audience, and were made of low budget, until recently when Rocky in 1976 was released, the sports film genre has flourished at the box office, and has attracted audiences that would never dream of going to a boxing ring. Sports and movies contradict in many ways. Sport is an unscripted battle in which the viewer is absorbed in the plot precisely because he does not know how it will end. A movie is necessarily the reverse: scripted, plotted and directed; a drama choreographed in advance. That is why all the great sport movies are not just about sports. Yes, most of the cast may talk and play sports, but if the script does not have a wider range to it, then I think the movie is going to lose the battle. I also think that sports films are also their own coach, They inspire, entertain, encourage, strengthen a Yes-I-Can self-belief and energize. In s hort, sports films tell powerful stories that speak to our heart, head, soul spirit. One movie that I think has the ability of being a successful sport film is â€Å"A shot at Glory† directed by Michael Corrente and stars veteran actor Robert Duvall and Scottish soccer player Ally McCoist. The film features the fictional Scottishsoccer clubKilnockie, as they attempt to reach their first Scottish Cup Final. Its very difficult to make films about soccer. One has to be very careful in handling this kind of sport as sometimes match scenes can overtake a beautifully crafted plot. â€Å"A Shot At Glory† is indeed one of the finest soccer movies and is worth watching. The three points that requires a sports film to be successful is script, actors and cinematography. There are various number of things that can add up to a high quality sport film, like emotions or fascinating actors, but one of the most important criteria is genuineness or originality in the script. Films of this genre have to be unique and unpredictable. A true sports fan can spot a foul play or a non-athletic actor a mile away, and this can quickly shatter the suspension of disbelief to quite an extent. â€Å"A Shot At Glory† makes a good attempt in keeping the audience at their edge of the seats till the finale. The dramatic elements are genuine and carefully developed; the brilliant sports sequences are edited in such a way that all you need to know about soccer is that you kick a ball into a goal; and the comedic sequences are cleverly rendered so as not to dilute the intensity of the drama. The best part of the script has been kept in the end. I have always believed that, if the director wants to put an impact on the audiences mind, then the last 20 minutes or so has to be captivating. It should make the audience guessing that whats going to happen next. The climax, which is the soul of every movie, the prime sport clichÃÆ' ©, a last second goal to win the championship, thats where it differs from other sports films. It is indeed not one of those sport movies which only rely on the joys of athletic competition, but also explore the bitter ironies of defeat. It also tells about Ally McCoist whose flashy lifestyle and volatile temperament cost him both his career and wife Kate (Kirsty Mitchell), who is none other than McLeods (Robert Duvall) own daughter. The second most import factor that I think makes not only a sports film but every film successful are the actors. No matter how good the script is, if the actor doesnt fit into the role than the film will fail. The whole film is shot in Scotland, therefore, actors having Scottish accent is mandatory. Robert Duvall is simply amazing. His daring Scottish accent is utterly convincing. The scene when Robert Duvall talks to his wife about their daughter and son-in-law is one of the best scenes in the movie. He also pulls off a remarkable performance. He fits the role of a Scottish coach perfectly and lives up to his reputation as one his generations finest actors. To make things look more authentic, director Michael Corrente used Scottish footballer Ally McCoist as Jackie McQuillan. The undeniable chemistry between Ally McCoist and Kirsty Mitchell as Robert Duvalls ex-son in law and daughter is marvelous, the sequence where Kirsty tries to convince Ally to quit drinking shows how committe d both the actors are. The third thing that I want to see in a sports film is cinematography. Cinematography is the art of manipulating light and shadow, and capturing it as a moving image. It plays an important role especially when making a soccer film, in which the players move constantly. But, the match scenes should not overtake the script. In these situations the director has to be very careful, as the audience should come out of the theatre watching a movie rather than a match. â€Å"A Shot At Glory† gives a perfect example of keeping the script alive as well as showing the match scenes when needed. The action scenes are realistic with real-life commentary. The lush landscape and village scenery gives a terrific feel and look to the movie. Especially the pen-ultimate penalty kick scene, in which the director has kept the suspense alive with top notch cinematography. In the end, A Shot At Glory is well made film. A Shot at Gloryis one of the better football films around, and should be a welcomed view for fans of the British game. One does not have to be soccer fan to watch this movie. Because of its strong and original script, the movie holds to keep the interest of the viewer. The acting is outstanding. This is Roberts Duvalls one of the finest works I have seen. Its really not easy for an actor from a different country to portray a character which has a different accent altogether. I dont think any other actor would have done enough justice to the character played by Ally McCoist. He brings a real feel in the film, as he has been a real soccer player. The character played by Kirsty Mitchell is refreshing in a brief role. The camera work is excellent. The soccer scenes are interesting; with background commentary gives it a real feel. As far as the sports genre is concerned, the appeal of many of these recent films lies in heartwarming stories of victories over great odds, sports films have also served as a serious way to explore human psychology. It also teaches us lessons about the values of teamwork, self-control, sacrifice, the possibility of triumphing over great odds, and the need to obey rules.

Social Stratification and The Movie Sweet Home Alabama Essay -- essays

Social stratification as defined by Brinkerhoff et al. is â€Å"an institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social statuses are ranked on the basis of their access to scarce resources† (Brinkerhoff et al. 152). By scarce resources, many people have to deal with poverty and having a lack of money to buy the things they need in their lives. Social class is defined as â€Å"a category of people who share roughly the same class, status, and power and who have a sense of identification with each other† (Brinkerhoff et al. 155). Your social class has to do with your socioeconomic status along with the power and connections you have. Social mobility on the other hand is â€Å"the process of changing one’s social class† (Brinkerhoff et al. 153). The change in a social class is something that is shown in every day life and the media. It is the American Dream to move upward in society. The movie Sweet Home Alabama is a prime example of social mobility in the main character. The main character Melanie Carmichael left her small town Alabama home and achieved an impressive upward social mobility. She began her life as a daughter of a respectful working class family to become a world famous fashion designer in New York City. At the beginning of the movie, Andrew, the mayor’s son, proposes to Melanie. She says yes, but before she can marry him, she has to clear up a not so final divorce with Jake, her high school sweetheart she left behind. Melanie is now caught between two classes and two cultures, the working class that she grew up in and the upper class she has now placed herself in. As the film continues, her dilemma will require her to acknowledge and reconnect with her mother who lives in a trailer park while sti ll trying to impress h... ...ust they be bigger and stronger to fulfill the requirements of this job? A structural functionalist would believe that woman are dependent on men. That Melanie should have had to marry Andrew in order to survive and be upper class. The fact that Melanie was able to move upward in society all on her own as a woman is something that a structural functional theorist would completely disagree with. Sweet Home Alabama is a Cinderella story line with a little twist. I believe that once you look into things sociology can be found everywhere. Social movement and social mobility is found in everyday life. Melanie is just one example of how people move up in class. Gender inequalities and sexism are another hot topic that this movie not so openly shows. Sexism in this movie is more behind the scenes but once brought up is rather evident just as it is in everyday life. Social Stratification and The Movie Sweet Home Alabama Essay -- essays Social stratification as defined by Brinkerhoff et al. is â€Å"an institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social statuses are ranked on the basis of their access to scarce resources† (Brinkerhoff et al. 152). By scarce resources, many people have to deal with poverty and having a lack of money to buy the things they need in their lives. Social class is defined as â€Å"a category of people who share roughly the same class, status, and power and who have a sense of identification with each other† (Brinkerhoff et al. 155). Your social class has to do with your socioeconomic status along with the power and connections you have. Social mobility on the other hand is â€Å"the process of changing one’s social class† (Brinkerhoff et al. 153). The change in a social class is something that is shown in every day life and the media. It is the American Dream to move upward in society. The movie Sweet Home Alabama is a prime example of social mobility in the main character. The main character Melanie Carmichael left her small town Alabama home and achieved an impressive upward social mobility. She began her life as a daughter of a respectful working class family to become a world famous fashion designer in New York City. At the beginning of the movie, Andrew, the mayor’s son, proposes to Melanie. She says yes, but before she can marry him, she has to clear up a not so final divorce with Jake, her high school sweetheart she left behind. Melanie is now caught between two classes and two cultures, the working class that she grew up in and the upper class she has now placed herself in. As the film continues, her dilemma will require her to acknowledge and reconnect with her mother who lives in a trailer park while sti ll trying to impress h... ...ust they be bigger and stronger to fulfill the requirements of this job? A structural functionalist would believe that woman are dependent on men. That Melanie should have had to marry Andrew in order to survive and be upper class. The fact that Melanie was able to move upward in society all on her own as a woman is something that a structural functional theorist would completely disagree with. Sweet Home Alabama is a Cinderella story line with a little twist. I believe that once you look into things sociology can be found everywhere. Social movement and social mobility is found in everyday life. Melanie is just one example of how people move up in class. Gender inequalities and sexism are another hot topic that this movie not so openly shows. Sexism in this movie is more behind the scenes but once brought up is rather evident just as it is in everyday life.

The Importance of the USA Patriot Act Essay -- Politics Political

The Importance of the USA Patriot Act The United States government changed the face of computer and internet use when it signed the USA Patriot Act on October 26, 2001. This act was created in the wake of the terrorist attacks in New York City on September 11 that same year. Many people believe that this act is a good thing and will help in defense against any future attacks. What most people do not know, however, is the effect of this act on the more general public. This includes individual people, public libraries, colleges and universities, and even trucking or hauling companies. The basis of the USA Patriot Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act) is to give law enforcement agencies more power and abilities to investigate cases possibly involving terrorism and foreign intelligence. Law enforcement agencies will target monetary transactions that may induce some terrorist activities. They will also be viewing electronic communications that they deem a threat of terrorism. Search warrants for searching voicemails and obtaining e-mails through Internet Service Providers will be made much easier. This act is requiring much support from financial institutions. These institutions will be required to report suspicious activities and currency transaction reports along with implementing a money-laundering compliance program. The government is now asking financial institutions to obtain additional information about their customers that may not have much to do with their business at the institution. The effect of the USAPA on libraries is not so much focused on their use of internet and s... ...ds terrorism and hacking. USAPA affects financial institutions in many ways. This act also sets up many new responsibilities for such common things like libraries, colleges and universities, and trucking and hauling companies. Many people think that these provisions go too far into someone’s private use of the internet. I think that this act was a good idea and further implementation would also be good to ensure our safety and stop another tragic day like September 11th. References Baase, S. (2003). A Gift of Fire: Social, legal, and ethical issues for computers and the Internet. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Hockeimer Jr., H. (2002). USA Patriot Act is Broader Than You Might Imagine. New Jersey Law Journal. The USA PATRIOT Act. (2004, April). Retrieved May 25, 2004, from http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/

Review of The Epic of Eden Essay

The Epic of Eden: A Christian Entry into the Old Testament. Sandra L. Richter, Intervarsity press, 2008. ISBN: 978+8308-2577-6 Albert Einstein once said â€Å"Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding. † This is an extremely powerful quote, and I will seek to convey its strength, as applied to our lives as Christians, upon the careful review of Sandra L. Richter’s The Epic of Eden: A Christian Entry into the Old Testament. Richter designed this text as merely a tool by which we might further our understanding of the Old Testament narrative. With one minor glitch in her system, Richter handled the task as that of an expert in the field would – with patience, attention to central detail, and arresting dialogue designed to pull the reader in and leave them starving for more. Richter prefaced The Epic of Eden with a mind-boggling introduction that left no doubt in my mind that this was going to be an enlightening read, and I don’t say this casually. The second definition of the word enlighten, according to Merriam- Webster, is â€Å"to give spiritual insight to†, and Richter disguised a promise of nlightenment within the initial pages of this text. As a perfect example of this concealed assurance, Richter states that the end result of a church not knowing their Old Testament history is that â€Å"The church does not know who she is, because she does not know who she was†(17). These words resonate with the threat of a Christian identity crisis, while at the same time, the promise of an assured, powerful, Christian identity. One of the more profound ideas in Richter’s Epic of Eden is her use of an effective metaphor is chapter one. â€Å"†¦ we need to get past the great barrier – that hasm of history, language, and culture that separates us from our heroes in the faith† (21). This comparison seems to collect all of the hesitancies, the reservations, and the relative fear in understanding the Old Testament, and places them in a neat little package aptly titled the great barrier. Richter wasted no time in eliciting the appropriate internal response: there is a barrier to my knowledge of the Old Testament, and I am largely the reason that barrier exists. It became immediately obvious to me that, should I want to remove this barrier and learn more of who I am, nd where I came from, and dare I say, where I’m going, then I will require further reading. That promise of enlightenment, at this point, has become an extremely dominant theme. Richter takes a superb approach to answering the question of â€Å"How? † How will we, as Christians recognizing the need for Old Testament knowledge, come to understand the features of the Old Testament most relevant to who we are, where we have come from, and where we are going? Richter makes reference to the â€Å"dysfunctional closet syndrome† (18), a metaphor she uses to relate he idea that we possess a disorganized, collective array of varying thought and knowledge processes relevant to our Old Testament experience. In order to gain a full, working comprehension of our history, we must organize our ‘closets’, and become familiar with the pieces that are stuffed inside. Richter begins her teaching that we tend to see things through the lens of our own experiences, our own societies, our own cultures. This strengthens the great barrier in that we are not able to appreciate the events of the Old Testament, due in part to the differences between hat we know, and about that which we read. Richter points out that â€Å"†¦ to truly understand their story, we need to step back and allow their voices to be heard in the timbre in which they first spoke. We need to do our best to see their world through their eyes† (22). Richter allows the reader to identify this facet of the great barrier as more than a mere hindrance to understanding. Richter begins her breakdown of the Old Testament by stating the overall theme of the text- redemption. I would be hard pressed to find a more appropriate motivating factor in persuading one to truly nderstand the Old Testament. This is the ultimate goal in the life ofa Christian: to be redeemed by the Father for the wayward life lived as a human, who could never hope to prevail without it. Richter explains that the word redemption was actually adopted from â€Å"†¦ the laws and mores of Israel’s patriarchal, tribal culture† (40). She goes on to reference several popular stories from the Old Testament, in order to allow the reader to fully grasp the concept of redemption as it was applied in Old Testament text. The following are two examples: Ruth and Boaz – â€Å"But in his ntegrity, Boaz chooses to embrace the responsibility of a patriarch and become Ruth’s gdel – her ‘kinsman-redeemer† (42). Lot and Abraham – Lot and his household are invaded by a â€Å"†¦ oalition of Kings from Mesapotamia†¦ † (43), and Abraham, being Lot’s uncle, swoops in to save him (accompanied by hundreds of his family members). â€Å"So Abraham puts own household on the line, his own life on the line, in order to rescue his brother’s son from a strong enemy against whom he had no defense. This is anothe r expression of ‘redemption in Israel’s world† (43). The author uses these to nhance our understanding, on a more personal level, of the word redemption, and later, the impact it would have on the life of a faithful Christian when dealt by the hand of God. Richter begins to â€Å"organize our closets† by explaining the â€Å"†¦ real time and space – real people, real places, real faith† (47). In order to understand our Old Testament story, we must first â€Å"†¦ know something about the time and space our heroes occupied† (47). She does this by identifying the five â€Å"key players† (47): Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and David, and their approximate time within the context of ur history. Richter, I believe, uses these figures as the framework of her explanation because each holds extreme value in the overall story of redemption. There are many stories involving other players in the Old Testament, but these five are the ones that have experiences directly relevant to our redemption. This was a masterfully crafted technique, and one I appreciate for its value in my own Old Testament comprehension. Next, Richter attempts to tackle the â€Å"real space† that these heroes occupied. Before delving into the topic, Richter acknowledges the idea that â€Å". eography is a trauma-inducing topic for some folks† (55). Remember in the first paragraph when I touched on the idea that there was a minor glitch in her system? Her attempt at wading through the waters of the geographical flood that stands ever- present in my mind failed miserably. Geography that we learn about in modern-day American education is one thing, and easy enough. Geography pertaining to the bible was an entirely different monster before reading Richter’s Epic of Eden, and it depictions of the space referenced in the text. But after her initial easy-to- nderstand reference of the pertinent places, the text became Jumbled, and I found myself constantly going back to check the maps, and then losing my train of thought. I continued on this annoying cycle throughout the entire explanation of space. I was ultimately left feeling confused and asking more questions, which resulted in the loss of information that I feel I should have been able to retain. Richter did an excellent job of keeping me entertained enough to forge ahead in my thirst for Old Testament knowledge by explaining in great detail the covenants that were held by the key layers of the Old Testament. To be quite honest, before reading Epic of Eden, I was only fully aware of the covenants between Adam and God, and between Noah and God, and I was only vaguely aware of the covenant between Abraham and God. I was delighted that Richter tackled these stories as someone with a strong passion for spreading the gospel. Because of the time and depth that she put into portraying each covenant, I am left with a broader understanding of each of the covenants, and of how they relate to my story, my redemption. Overall, Epic of Eden delivered on its (albeit hidden) promise of enlightenment. I have come a long way in the time it has taken me to read this book, and this can be attributed to the organized, complete set of facts that Richter pulled from the bible for use in aiding my comprehension, my enlightenment. I can now pick up the Old Testament, open to any page, and with my newfound knowledge, I can understand the story and know that it is also my story. An allusion to Einstein’s quote – I have found understanding, and so it is that I now experience peace.

Fashion Couture

In France, the term haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Paris based in Paris, France. The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as â€Å"the regulating commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses†. [4] Their rules state that only â€Å"those companies mentioned on the list drawn up each year by a commission domiciled at the Ministry for Industry are entitled to avail themselves† of the label haute couture. The chambre also deals with piracy of style, foreign relations and coordination of the fashion collection timetables, and do some international advertising for the French fashion industry. The chambre also runs a Paris couture school to teach upcoming designers and technicians the couture trade. The school helps bring new designers to help the couture houses that are still present today. The criteria for haute couture were established in 1945 and updated in 1992. To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture in its advertising and any other way, members of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture must follow these rules: Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings. Have a workshop (atelier) in Paris that employs at least fifteen people full-time. Must have twenty full-time technical people in at least one atelier (workshop). Each season (i. e. twice a year), present a collection to the Paris press, comprising at least thirty-five runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and evening wear. However, the term haute couture may have been misused by ready-to-wear brands since the late 1980s, so that its true meaning may have become blurred with that of pret-a-porter (the French term for ready-to-wear fashion) in the public perception. Every haute couture house also markets pret-a-porter collections, which typically deliver a higher return on investment than their custom clothing. ci tation needed] Falling revenues have forced a few couture houses to abandon their less profitable couture division and concentrate solely on the less prestigious pret-a-porter. These houses are no longer considered haute couture. Many top designer fashion houses, such as Chanel, use the word for some of their special collections. These collections are often not for sale or they are very difficult to purchase. Sometimes, â€Å"haute couture† is inappropriately used to label non-dressmaking activities, such as fine art, music and more.

Limitations on Freedom during the Cold War Essay

Limitations on Freedom during the Cold War - Essay Example It also explores the reactions of Americans in each era. The main similarities between the Cold War and the Red Scare are that they were both based on â€Å"fears† against the â€Å"leftist† other and they also led to reckless accusations and curtailment of freedoms of association and speech. The fear of communism both stimulated the Cold War and the Red Scare. It was during the Red Scare that the federal government exercised its full power against the labor and political left-wing parties. During the Red Scare, a national anti-radical hysteria ensued, because there were fears for a Bolshevik revolution in America. This Bolshevik revolution threatened to reshape the American way of life and basic social institutions, such as home and family. From 1916 to 917, the Industrial Workers conducted several strikes, which the media portrayed as leftist and anti-democratic. The government systematically arrested and detained people who were suspected as spies and among those aff ected were labor organizations, anti-war activists, members of different communist organizations, journalists and writers, African American activists, and other groups that fought for just wages, better benefits, and child labor laws. On January 2, 1920 alone, 10,000 people were arrested without warrants. The Congress, however, could not tolerate such wide-scale abuses of constitutional rights and by 1922, the Red Scare ended.

Assess and Evaluate Winston Churchill as a Foreign Policy Leader Term Paper

Assess and Evaluate Winston Churchill as a Foreign Policy Leader - Term Paper Example Premier Churchill and President Roosevelt are said to have attended almost a dozen conferences together which goes on the show the amount of understanding and collaboration between the two countries. It was only due to Churchill’s sincere work that he got the support of the Americans in 1941. Even relationships with the Soviet Union weren’t strong before Churchill took charge of his office. Churchill, however, looked at the need of the hour paying importance to the delicacy of the situation, as the Nazis had almost conquered France, and formed an unexpected and uncomfortable alliance with the Soviets. The height of Churchill’s foreign policy perspective can be attributed to the fact that he brought the Soviets and the Americans together and formed the so-called â€Å"Grand Alliance†. If these two countries were left on their own there was no chance they would have even thought of working together. It was Churchill who traveled almost forty thousand miles across the world in the wartime to muster the support of these two countries (Merritt, 2007). Churchill is often criticized over the Dresden bombing controversy. His critics believed that this act led to a dramatic fall in his image as a good foreign policy decision maker (Titus, 1963). In 1945, the British and American bombers launched an attack on the German city of Dresden which resulted in deaths of a significant number of civilians. Many believed that his instructions to the RAF constituted a war crime and were an insult to precious human life. Churchill is also accredited for building the foundations of understanding between the United States and the United Kingdom (Daynes, 2006). It was due to Churchill’s efforts that these two countries are strong allies even in the current times and always come to help each other whenever required. Churchill is also attributed as being a major contributing party to the treaties that ultimately redrew post-war boundaries in Europe and Asia. He attended the Yalta Conference which was called for the purpose post-war reorganization.

Government 1 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Government 1 - Dissertation Example Thus, if I discover that the government might be monitoring my e-mail and internet security, I would not only reduce the information I reveal on the internet, but I would also reduce the frequency at which I make use of the internet and try other means of communication. Freedom of expression should be allowed on the internet and there should not be any restriction on this (Atallah, 2010). This is due the fact that the internet has now become the main medium that people air their views, hence telling people that there is a limit to the way they can express themselves is like a violation on their fundamental human right. However, when the issue of the restriction of freedom of expression arises, there would be serious problems on the types of expression that should be restricted. There would be no standard yardstick as to the kind of things that people should be expected to talk about on the internet. Thus, it is not in any way desirable to restrict freedom of expression in any instanc e as people should be free to say anything they like on the internet. Reference Atallah, M. (2010). Privacy Enhancing Technologies: 10th International Symposium, PETS 2010, July 21-23, 2010, Berlin, Germany, Proceedings. New York: Springer.

Hiring friends and relatives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hiring friends and relatives - Assignment Example Knowledge of strengths and weaknesses Finally, more often than not, friends and relatives will reach out to do favors without expecting additional remuneration hence saving on costs (â€Å"The Pros & Cons of Hiring Friends & Relatives par. 1†). On the downside, friends and relatives may be less observant of company rules because of their affiliation to the business owner. Thoughts of impunity may invade their minds and thus create disharmony at the workplace. Finally, the image of the firm may come into sharp disrepute when the friends and relatives aren’t professionals or well qualified. The quality of the output of the firm is compromised at the expense of maintaining relationships (â€Å"The Pros & Cons of Hiring Friends & Relatives par. 2†). A cost-benefits analysis should be done so as to arrive at a conclusion to engage or disengage friends and relatives. From the above argument, it is obvious that they occasion benefits and disadvantages in equal measure. Therefore, only a proper analysis can inform the decision on whether or not to work with

Time Traveling, Art Historian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Time Traveling, Art Historian - Essay Example I was able to ask a Chinese local worker, among hundreds of thousands of them, what the purpose of building such a large army is for. They told me it is to protect the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, the first and current emperor of China when he passes away and so he would have subjects to reign over in the afterlife. This emperor has done great things for China indeed. He first unified China more than a decade from the time I have currently travelled to, which is around 210 BC. Indeed, â€Å"the craftsmanship attested by each of the statues is as stupendous as the scale of the project.† (â€Å"The Terracotta Warriors: Forbidding Sentinels of a Death Defying Emperor†) What I notice most is how these sculpted bands of warriors are matchless. They are life-size figures that are individually being shaped in clay by apparently about 700,000 men who come from all over China and Eastern Asia. â€Å"Interestingly, seven individuals came from southern China, and a smaller number came from northern China.† (Anne, 2008) The details on the sculptures are extremely dumbfounding. Present approximations are that in the depths enclosing the army, there are right now about six thousand warriors, fifty chariots with more than four hundred horses, and they plan on making a few more. Along with the military figures also include officials, entertainers, and performers. From this great monument, I certainly can see how important the afterlife is for them and that they believe that one can bring possessions and even people with him/her when they pass away. After about a month, I then time travel to a nation just beside China, in the time of the 1820s. This nation’s culture, in reality, has actually been shaped by Chinese culture itself. This country is the great nation of Japan. This time, as I have found out, is during the Tokugawa Shogunate. During my first few days of staying in this beautiful and seemingly serene country, I was able to befriend a few Japanese locals. I asked them

Nursing Diagnosis Handbook Essay Example for Free

Nursing Diagnosis Handbook Essay â€Å"It isn’t fair. I’ve worked so hard all my life, I don’t deserve this,† thought Mrs. Ross as she looked down at her right leg where a large wound gaped open. Two weeks ago, she had a femoral-popliteal bypass, which got infected. The wound was opened up and was healing slowly by secondary intention. It was painful, raw, and frightening. She put a hand on her chest and raised the head of the bed higher so she could catch her breath and stare out the window. Nursing Assessment Including Client Story Mrs. Ross is a previous landowner and farmer’s wife with extensive acreage. Her husband died 2 years ago, and the land was sold. She lives alone in the farmhouse and has help coming in two times a week. As she grew older, she isolated herself in her home and rarely went out. She has had multiple health problems. In her 30s, she attempted suicide and was rescued. She speaks rapidly and seems unable to hold still. Ten years ago, she was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but she continued to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. Five years ago, she was diagnosed with heart failure, yet still she continued to smoke. Two years ago, she developed disabling pain in her right foot and leg. She stopped smoking and worked hard to get healthy. Her right foot turned almost black, she could no longer walk, and she agreed to have a femoral-popliteal bypass. After surgery, when the infection set in the leg, she was very angry and sputtered at everyone. She was transferred to the long-term care section of the hospital. Vital signs are: BP 96/62; pulse: 99 to 122 beats per minute and irregular; respirations: 20 breaths per minute. Heart sounds are irregular and distant; peripheral pulses are very weak; dorsalis pedis pulse is present in both legs but weak; lung sounds include wheezes and coarse crackles throughout; and oxygen saturation is 88% to 90%, on oxygen at 3 L. A wound vac is attached to the wound to help close the large opening. Mrs. Ross has not been out of bed for 4 days. She is eating minimally.

Web-based Geovisualization of Renewable Energy

Web-based Geovisualization of Renewable Energy Table of Contents (Jump to) 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction to renewable energy 2.2 Web based Spatial Data Visualization Method 2.3 Geovisualization Tools Bibliography Table of Figures Figure 1: Map of share renewable energy for gross final energy consumption and electricity generation in European Countries (European Comission) Figure 2: BMU-Brochure â€Å"Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development†, provisional figures. Provided by BEE (Federal Ministry for the Environment, 2012) 1 Introduction Geovisualization is set of tools and techniques to analyze geospatial data with the use of interactive visualization. It’s identical with large datasets of spatial data, means creating geovisualization requires large datasets handling. In the past it was almost impossible to visualize and analyze this large spatial data, but it changed since the rapidly development of technology these past decades, as tools have been developed by individuals and organization. As a result, spatial information becomes more available and accessible to support the use of location information for other related fields in order to produce better analysis and clearer visualization. Many researches have been conducted in geovisualization field. Different approaches are implemented to create a number of software such as: statistical data exploration, graph drawing techniques, exploratory visualization with multiple linked view, visualizing individual spatio-temporal behavior, design of spatio-temporal data visualization tools, etc. The technologies and approaches are applied based on type of data to be visualized and the result expected for geospatial. For example: flow map is used in analysis of migration and disease spread in the U.S. this flow map purpose is to show a form of weighted location-to-location network, the pattern movement of people or disease from one location to another location. Whereas, another map visualization will be preferable with different aim of visualization such as chloropleth map is to show statistical data aggregated for each area such as state or city by coloring or shading these regions. Generally in choropleth map, differences in hue are used to indicate qualitative differences, such as land use, while differences in saturation or lightness are used to indicate quantitative differences, such as population. In renewable energy area, Eurostat has published time series (per year) web based map with statistic illustrated for Renewable energy generation of European Union member. The map created is a cloroplath map using different colors that refers to percentage range of renewable energy share of each country in gross final energy consumption and electricity generated from renewable energy. Figure 1: Map of share renewable energy for gross final energy consumption and electricity generation in European Countries (European Comission) The percentage of share renewable energy used by each country not only identified by color and number range in agenda, but also shows by mouse over effect, when user pointed certain area in map, text and percentage of renewable energy generation will be appear. This thesis aims to create web-based geovisualization of renewable energy to monitor the growth of renewable energy share in Germany especially in electricity production. Data is obtained from enerymap.info that collects data from EEG messages in form of csv file. Two main ways to visualize data proposed are graphs and maps. Main visualization result will be the different aggregation level of area in Germany (based on states and counties), time series and statistics. To be able creating web based geovisualization, mapping technology and graph tools creator becoming issue. There is a need of tools that provide functionality to create map and graph with fast response that support web based application performance. Topojson is proposed to be used as mapping visualization combined with graph to show the statistical illustration. One tool free available that has the ability to connect topoJSON map and data in array format to create maps and graphs is D3.js. This JavaScript library is fast and efficient to handle large dataset and enabling maps with interaction and animation (Kà ¶bben, 2013). To create web based geovisualization, this thesis proposes the use of free tools to develop the web based application. However, because of the input data is in German format, all numerical values that are needed for statistical illustration is saved in text values, pre processing to re format data is necessary and will be done in arcGIS using phyton code. Additio nally, geo processing tools from arcgis are also needed in the pre processing stage to group and select important data from the large dataset to be visualized in the web based geovisualization. Shapefiles result of geo processing will be stored in topoJSON contains both gemotry values and properties that will be processed as input for final visualization using web based tools and d3.js library. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction to renewable energy According to European Energy Security Strategy document(strategy, 2014), energy is a vital part of Europe’s economy that motivates European commission to secure energy supplies and open access to energy sources in order to provide affordable price. There are several policies to rule energy supplies: EU’s 2020 energy and climate policies, energy efficiency and renewable energy policies. In between 1995 and 2012, total demand of energy decreased gradually due to economic crisis, structural changes in EU’s economy and significant increase of crude oil price. During that time period, crude oil still dominate the energy demand among other sources, but surprisingly the number has declined slightly from around 21% to 17%, in contrary, share of renewable energy has doubled to almost 11%. The increase share of renewable energy has helped European countries to gradually suppress demands of energy imports, even though oil still holds the largest quantity for almost 90% impo rt dependencies for energy sources. Germany as one of EU member has set national integrated climate and energy package as follows for EU’s 2020 energy and climate policies. One of the main focuses of the national commitments is in electricity generation considering electricity has relatively high share in many sectoral levels such as: industry, agriculture, residential, service and transport. Figure 2: BMU-Brochure â€Å"Renewable energy sources in figures – national and international development†, provisional figures. Provided by BEE (Federal Ministry for the Environment, 2012) From above figure of electricity generation from renewable energy, wind gives the largest contribution in electricity generation followed by hydropower, biomass, biogas and photovoltaic sequentially. Governments set goals to increase share of renewable energy in electricity sector for around 25-30% by 2020(EEG, 2012) by offering support of stable policy for the growth of renewable energy and feed-in tariff of fixed price of every kilowatt-hour electricity produced by renewable energy in 20 years. The feed-in tariffs have been introduced through the electricity feed act(StrEG) in 1991. StrEG was then replaced by Renewable energy resource Act (EEG) in 2001. Based on EEG amendment in 2014, federal network agency officially operates the official plant register. Energymap.info with aim to support EEG and the visibility of renewable energy in Germany publishes publicly data available in the website. Data is combined from EEG messages and assigned to each region. Then calculate non-trading energy produced for all areas and create top 10 regions that achieve highest target for renewable energy. 2.2 Web based Spatial Data Visualization (Geovisualization) Technique Nowadays, spatial information is more available influences by the growth of web GIS technology and supporting tools. One of the purposes of developing geovisualization with web-based mapping technology is to increase the accessibility of spatial data through online system. However, because geographical data is identical with large dataset, needs technology and database with fast response to develop a web-based GIS application because both of aspects will influence over all website performance. A paper with title: Developing Efficient Web-based GIS Application has published nand this research focuses on the comparison for mapping technology and databases for webGIS application(Adnan, et al., 2010). Based on this paper, tile based maps are preferable than static map renders. Tile based map can handle large data set by divided maps into different zoom levels. Various popular use tile based maps geovisualization technique are Google maps, yahoo maps and open layers. This map is faster to load because only respond to user specific location requests. However, at the end section of this paper, writer proposes preferable database and mapping technology to be implemented in webGIS application to give better performance for web application. Flash map that based on vector images becomes the final choice for fly rendered map capability and it’s developed along with popular tools adobe illustrator and already integrated with an API in ArcGIS (ArcGIS Flex API) and flash with google map API. While for the database of web GIS requires efficient performance of database in response user request, because the nature of GIS web-based application needs large amounts of geographically referenced data to be displayed from database. Oracle is final choice to handle large dataset among other databases free available tools. However, both for mapping technology and database are commercial software, not free available even though both offered great functionality to create web GIS ap plication. Moreover, flash map requires flash player in the web browser to enable user view the map. In another research, Luca Morandini writes: Getting the best performance for GeoJSON Map visualizations: PostGIS vs CouchDB back-end, explains another possibility to visualize map through online system with technique called TopoJSON. This research mentions Geojson is one possibility to send geometries data from server to client. Geojson is formed by encoding geographic data structure into one object. Geojson supports various geometry types such as: point, lineString, polygon, multipoint, multiLineString, multiPolygon, and geometryCollection. However the extended of GeoJSON called TopoJSON format is considered to be more effective for geographical data because the reduction of response size by applying a topological approach. GeoJSON is handy dealing with browser but causes duplication of polygon’s border, while topoJSON is encoding topology that creates geometry simplification and defines polygons as arcs collections that shared by adjacent polygons that reduces file size. Acc ording to this research, TopoJSON data size is reduce about 30% from original geoJSON(Morandini, 2013). The reduction of file size used in web application will improve the performance and response of user request. In addition, tools to create both geoJSON and topoJSON are freely available. 2.3 Geovisualization Tools D3.js provides many functions for graph and also map to build customize visualization framework. D3.js is easy to use and written in a functional style that can be reuse and add specific functions to create desired content. D3.js gives full customize ability to developer to create the visualization by support of various d3.js functions(Anon., n.d.). d3.js is used in web application to utilize web page communication with data that are with form of JSON or loading external data: csv, geoJSON, topoJSON or database. D3.js is a JavaScript library to manipulate Data Object Model (DOM) by binding data, apply transformation and transition to create interactive data visualization. D3.js library works with combination of other tools such as HTML and CSS to create web based visualization system (Maclean, 2014). Two main focuses for using d3.js in this thesis are to create graphs and mapping visualization. In creating graph, external or JSON data can be used. Firstly, create canvas with svg object by setting margin and graph area. This svg will be the container to bind data to be visualized in the application. Then, data rendered with data() command. Next, set scales domains and ranges of x and y axes with domain() and scale() commands. Lastly, add text or modify the appearance of the graph(Mulder, 2014) Not only to create graph visualization, d3.js is also can be used to create mapping visualization. D3.js includes several common projections in it’s library to support mapping visualization. There are 3 main steps to create mapping visualization using d3.js: create projection function with projection system options from d3.js, create path function that will store all geometry values, using geojson or topojson as object data to draw map in path (Jenson, n.d.). All geo functionalities to build the map are provided by d3.js. There are significant invested amount of time to learn geoJson structure but once user familiarwith the function and data structure, visualization can be easily to create. Thus, d3.js can be utilized to create various geovisualization techniques such as: stack display, iconic display, dense pixel display and also interaction techniques that can be added to create a more interactive visualization, such as: standard, projection, filtering, and zoom (Dykes, et a l., 2005) . D3.js is also fast and efficient to handle large dataset and enabling maps with interaction and animation (Kà ¶bben, 2013) Bibliography Adnan, M., Singleton, A. Longley, P., 2010. Development Efficient Web-Based GIS Applications. London, CASA. Anon., n.d. Dashing D3. [Online] Available at: https://www.dashingd3js.com/why-build-with-d3js [Accessed 16 January 2015]. Dykes, J., Fabrikant, S. Wood, J., 2005. Exploring Geovisualization. In: Exploring Geovisualization. London, Enschede: Elsevier, p. 4. EEG, 2012. Act on granting priority to renewable energy sources, s.l.: EEG. EREC, 2009. Renewable Energy Policy Review, Germany, s.l.: Intelligent Energy Europe. Federal Ministry for the Environment, N. C. a. N. S., 2012. Renewable Energies Driving Germanys Energiewende, Berlin: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), Public Relations Division. Jenson, G., n.d. d3.js Geo fun. [Online] Available at: http://www.hashbang.co.nz/blog/2013/2/25/d3_js_geo_fun [Accessed 15 JAnuary 2015]. Kà ¶bben, B., 2013. Using the D3 library for web-mapping in an SDI environment. May, pp. 14-17. Maclean, M., 2014. D3 Tips and Tricks Interactive Data Visualization in a Web Browser. s.l.:Lean Publishing. Morandini, L., 2013. Getting The Best Performance For GeoJSON Map Visualizations: PostGIS Vs CouchDB back-end. Nottingham, At Nottingham, UK . Mulder, P., 2014. Getting Started with D3. [Online] Available at: http://thinkingonthinking.com/Getting-Started-With-D3/ [Accessed 15 January 2015]. strategy, C. S. E. e. s., 2014. COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT: In-depth study of European Energy Security, s.l.: s.n. 1